Biomasse

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Dans le domaine de l'énergie, la biomasse est la matière organique d'origine végétale (microalgues incluses), animale, bactérienne ou fongique (champignons), utilisable comme source d'énergie (bioénergies). Cette énergie peut en être extraite par combustion directe (ex. : bois énergie), ou par combustion après un processus de transformation de la matière première, par exemple la méthanisation (biogaz, ou sa version épurée le biométhane) ou d'autres transformations chimiques (dont la pyrolyse, la carbonisation hydrothermale et les méthodes de production de biocarburants ou « agrocarburants »). Trois modes de valorisations de la biomasse (co)existent : thermique, chimique et biochimique. La biomasse intéresse à nouveau les pays riches, confrontés au changement climatique et à la perspective d'une crise des ressources en hydrocarbures fossiles ou uranium. Sous certaines conditions, elle répond à des enjeux de développement durable et d'économie circulaire ; en se substituant aux énergies fossiles pour réduire les émissions globales de gaz à effet de serre, en restaurant aussi parfois certains puits de carbone (semi-naturels dans le cas des boisements et haies exploités). En quelques décennies des filières nouvelles sont apparues : agrocarburants, granulés de bois, méthanisation industrielle, créant des tensions sur certaines ressources, avec de nouveaux risques de surexploitation de la ressource et de remplacement de cultures vivrières par des cultures énergétiques. En France, une stratégie nationale de mobilisation de la biomasse (2018) vise à augmenter la quantité de biomasse collectée, en créant le moins possible d'effets collatéraux négatifs sur la biodiversité, les paysages et d'autres filières dépendantes de la même ressource. En 2019, selon l'Agence internationale de l'énergie, la biomasse fournissait 56 813 PJ d'énergie, soit 9,2 % de l'énergie primaire consommée dans le monde, 542,6 TWh d'électricité, soit 2,0 % de la production mondiale d'électricité, et 3,3 % de l'énergie consommée par les transports. Selon un rapport de la Commission européenne, la bioénergie pourrait couvrir jusqu'à 13 % de la demande énergétique de l'UE.

Source : http://fr.dbpedia.org/resource/Biomasse

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Biomass is plant-based material used as fuel to produce heat or electricity. Examples are wood and wood residues, energy crops, agricultural residues, and waste from industry, farms and households. Since biomass can be used as a fuel directly (e.g. wood logs), some people use the words biomass and biofuel interchangeably. Others subsume one term under the other. Government authorities in the US and the EU define biofuel as a liquid or gaseous fuel, used for transportation. The European Union's Joint Research Centre use the concept solid biofuel and define it as raw or processed organic matter of biological origin used for energy, for instance firewood, wood chips and wood pellets. In 2019, 57 EJ (exajoules) of energy were produced from biomass, compared to 190 EJ from crude oil, 168 EJ from coal, 144 EJ from natural gas, 30 EJ from nuclear, 15 EJ from hydro and 13 EJ from wind, solar and geothermal combined. Approximately 86% of modern bioenergy is used for heating applications, with 9% used for transport and 5% for electricity. Most of the global bioenergy is produced from forest resources. Power plants that use biomass as fuel can produce a stable power output, unlike the intermittent power produced by solar or wind farms. In 2017, the IEA (International Energy Agency) described bioenergy as the most important source of renewable energy. The IEA also argued that the current rate of bioenergy deployment is well below the levels required in future low carbon scenarios, and that accelerated deployment is urgently needed. In IEA's Net Zero by 2050 scenario, traditional bioenergy is phased out by 2030, and modern bioenergy's share of the total energy supply increases from 6.6% in 2020 to 13.1% in 2030 and 18.7% in 2050. In 2014, IRENA (International Renewable Energy Agency) projected a doubling of energy produced from biomass in 2030, with a small contribution from traditional bioenergy (6 EJ). The IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) argue that bioenergy has a significant climate mitigation potential if done right, and most of the IPCC's mitigation pathways include substantial contributions from bioenergy in 2050 (average at 200 EJ.) Some researchers criticize the use of bioenergy with low emission savings, high initial carbon intensities and/or long waiting times before positive climate impacts materialize. The raw material feedstocks with the largest potential in the future is lignocellulosic (non-edible) biomass (for instance coppices or perennial energy crops), agricultural residues, and biological waste. These feedstocks also have the shortest delay before producing climate benefits. Heat production is normally more "climate friendly" than electricity production, since the conversion from chemical to heat energy is more efficient than the conversion from chemical to electrical energy. Heat from biomass combustion is also harder to replace with heat from alternative renewable energy sources; these are either more costly or constrained by the maximum temperature of the steam they can deliver. Solid biofuel is likely more climate friendly than liquid biofuel, since the production of solid biofuel is more energy efficient. Biogas plants can provide dispatchable electricity generation, and heat when needed. A common concept is the co-fermentation of energy crops mixed with manure in agriculture. Burning plant-derived releases CO2, but it has still been classified as a renewable energy source in the EU and UN legal frameworks because photosynthesis cycles the CO2 back into new crops. How a fuel is produced, transported and processed has a significant impact on lifecycle emissions. Transporting fuels over long distances and excessive use of nitrogen fertilisers can reduce the emissions savings made by the same fuel compared to natural gas by between 15 and 50 per cent. Renewable biofuels are starting to be used in aviation.

Source : http://dbpedia.org/resource/Biomasse

Sources externes

Wikidata : Q18537
DBpedia FR : Biomasse
DBpedia EN : Biomasse

Autres langues (Wikipedia)

Biomassa (afwiki)
كتلة حيوية (arwiki)
Biomasa (astwiki)
Biokütlə (azwiki)
Біямаса (be_x_oldwiki)
Біямаса (bewiki)
Биомаса (bgwiki)
Biomassa (bjnwiki)
জৈবিকভর (bnwiki)
Biomasa (bswiki)
Biomassa (cawiki)
Biomasa (cswiki)
Biomasse (dawiki)
Biomasse (dewiki)
Βιομάζα (elwiki)
Biomass (enwiki)
Biomaso (ekonomio) (eowiki)
Biomasa (energía) (eswiki)
Biomasa (euwiki)
زیست‌توده (fawiki)
Biomassa (fiwiki)
Biomasse (énergie) (frwiki)
Biomasa (enerxía) (glwiki)
ביומסה (מקור אנרגיה) (hewiki)
जैवभार (hiwiki)
Biomasa (hrwiki)
Byomas (htwiki)
Biomassza (huwiki)
Կենսազանգված (hywiki)
Biomassa (idwiki)
Lífmassi (iswiki)
Biomassa (itwiki)
バイオマス (jawiki)
ბიომასა (kawiki)
Биомасса (kkwiki)
바이오매스 (kowiki)
Komjiyanî (kuwiki)
Biokuras (ltwiki)
Biomasa (lvwiki)
Биомаса (mkwiki)
Биомасс (mnwiki)
Biojisim (mswiki)
زیوکپا (mznwiki)
Biomassa (nlwiki)
Biomasse (nowiki)
Biomassa (ocwiki)
Biomasa (papwiki)
Biomasa (plwiki)
بایوماس (له بيولوژيکي موادو سون توکي) (pswiki)
Biomassa (ptwiki)
Kawsa imayay (quwiki)
Biomasă (ecologie) (rowiki)
Биомасса (ruwiki)
Biomasa (shwiki)
Biomass (simplewiki)
ජෛව ස්කන්ධ (siwiki)
Biomasa (energetika) (skwiki)
Biomasa (slwiki)
Biomasa (sqwiki)
Biomasa (srwiki)
Biomassa (suwiki)
Biomassa (ekonomi) (svwiki)
Biomasi (swwiki)
జీవ ద్రవ్యరాశి (tewiki)
Биомасса (tgwiki)
มวลชีวภาพ (thwiki)
Biyokütle (trwiki)
Біомаса (ukwiki)
بائیوماس (urwiki)
Biomassa (uzwiki)
Sinh khối (viwiki)
生物质 (wuuwiki)
生物質 (zh_yuewiki)
生物质 (zhwiki)