Biodiversité

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Peugeot, Valérie. “Facilitatrice, protectrice, instituante, contributrice : la loi et les communs.” VERS UNE RÉPUBLIQUE DES BIENS COMMUNS ? - Septembre 2016, September 29, 2016. https://vecam.org/_old/Facilitatrice-protectrice-instituante-contributrice-la-loi-et-les.html.

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Définition(s)

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La biodiversité désigne la variété des formes de vie sur la Terre. Ce terme est composé du préfixe bio (du grec βίος « vie ») et du mot « diversité ». Elle s'apprécie en considérant la diversité des écosystèmes, des espèces et des gènes dans l'espace et dans le temps, ainsi que les interactions au sein de ces niveaux d'organisation et entre eux. Lorsque la science cherche à évaluer la biodiversité d'un lieu particulier, les différents éléments des listes d'espèces, écosystèmes ou gènes sont pondérés en fonction de leur rareté. Depuis le sommet de la Terre de Rio de Janeiro en 1992, la préservation de la biodiversité est considérée comme un des enjeux essentiels du développement durable. L'adoption de la Convention sur la diversité biologique (CDB) au cours de ce sommet engage les pays signataires à protéger et restaurer la diversité du vivant. Au-delà des raisons éthiques, la biodiversité est essentielle aux sociétés humaines qui en sont entièrement dépendantes à travers les services écosystémiques. 2010 a été l'année internationale de la biodiversité, conclue par la Conférence de Nagoya sur la biodiversité, qui a reconnu l'échec de l'objectif international de stopper la régression de la biodiversité avant 2010, et proposé de nouveaux objectifs (protocole de Nagoya). En 2012, la Plateforme intergouvernementale sur la biodiversité et les services écosystémiques (IPBES), un groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur le modèle du Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'évolution du climat (GIEC), a été lancée par le programme des Nations unies pour l'environnement pour conseiller les gouvernements sur cette thématique. En 2019, le nombre d'espèces menacées d'extinction est évalué à un million.

Source : http://fr.dbpedia.org/resource/Biodiversité

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Biodiversity or biological diversity is the variety and variability of life on Earth. Biodiversity is a measure of variation at the genetic (genetic variability), species (species diversity), and ecosystem (ecosystem diversity) level. Biodiversity is not distributed evenly on Earth; it is usually greater in the tropics as a result of the warm climate and high primary productivity in the region near the equator. Tropical forest ecosystems cover less than 10% of earth's surface and contain about 90% of the world's species. Marine biodiversity is usually higher along coasts in the Western Pacific, where sea surface temperature is highest, and in the mid-latitudinal band in all oceans. There are latitudinal gradients in species diversity. Biodiversity generally tends to cluster in hotspots, and has been increasing through time, but will be likely to slow in the future as a primary result of deforestation. It encompasses the evolutionary, ecological, and cultural processes that sustain life. Rapid environmental changes typically cause mass extinctions. More than 99.9% of all species that ever lived on Earth, amounting to over five billion species, are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86% have not yet been described. The total amount of related DNA base pairs on Earth is estimated at 5.0 x 1037 and weighs 50 billion tonnes. In comparison, the total mass of the biosphere has been estimated to be as much as four trillion tons of carbon. In July 2016, scientists reported identifying a set of 355 genes from the Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA) of all organisms living on Earth. The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia. Other early physical evidence of a biogenic substance is graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old meta-sedimentary rocks discovered in Western Greenland. More recently, in 2015, "remains of biotic life" were found in 4.1 billion-year-old rocks in Western Australia. According to one of the researchers, "If life arose relatively quickly on Earth...then it could be common in the universe." Since life began on Earth, five major mass extinctions and several minor events have led to large and sudden drops in biodiversity. The Phanerozoic aeon (the last 540 million years) marked a rapid growth in biodiversity via the Cambrian explosion—a period during which the majority of multicellular phyla first appeared. The next 400 million years included repeated, massive biodiversity losses classified as mass extinction events. In the Carboniferous, rainforest collapse led to a great loss of plant and animal life. The Permian–Triassic extinction event, 251 million years ago, was the worst; vertebrate recovery took 30 million years. The most recent, the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, occurred 65 million years ago and has often attracted more attention than others because it resulted in the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs. The period since the emergence of humans has displayed an ongoing biodiversity reduction and an accompanying loss of genetic diversity. Named the Holocene extinction, and often referred to as the sixth mass extinction, the reduction is caused primarily by human impacts, particularly habitat destruction. Conversely, biodiversity positively impacts human health in many ways, although a few negative effects are studied.

Source : http://dbpedia.org/resource/Biodiversity


Sources externes

Wikidata : Q47041
DBpedia FR : Biodiversité
DBpedia EN : Biodiversity

P2P Foundation : Biodiversity

Autres langues (Wikipedia)

Biodiversiteit (afwiki)
Biodiversidat (anwiki)
تنوع حيوي (arwiki)
Biodiversidá (astwiki)
জৈৱ বৈচিত্ৰ্য (aswiki)
Bioloji müxtəliflik (azwiki)
Біялагічная разнастайнасць (bewiki)
Биоразнообразие (bgwiki)
बायोडायवर्सिटी (bhwiki)
জীববৈচিত্র্য (bnwiki)
Biološka raznolikost (bswiki)
Biodiversitat (cawiki)
زیندەفرەجۆری (ckbwiki)
Biodiverzita (cswiki)
Bioamrywiaeth (cywiki)
Biodiversitet (dawiki)
Biodiversität (dewiki)
जैविक विविधता (dtywiki)
Βιοποικιλότητα (elwiki)
Biodiversity (enwiki)
Biodiversity (enwikiquote)
Biodiverseco (eowiki)
Biodiversidad (eswiki)
Elurikkus (etwiki)
Elurikkus (etwikiquote)
Biodibertsitate (euwiki)
تنوع زیستی (fawiki)
Biodiversiteetti (fiwiki)
Biodiversité (frwiki)
Bithéagsúlacht (gawiki)
Biodiversidade (glwiki)
Tekove'etaita (gnwiki)
מגוון ביולוגי (hewiki)
जैव विविधता (hiwiki)
जैव विविधता (hiwikiquote)
Bioraznolikost (hrwiki)
Biyodivèsite (htwiki)
Biodiverzitás (huwiki)
Կենսաբազմազանություն (hywiki)
Biodiversitate (iawiki)
Keanekaragaman hayati (idwiki)
Biodiversity (igwiki)
Ibi ndụ dị iche iche (igwikiquote)
Biodiverseso (iowiki)
Líffræðileg fjölbreytni (iswiki)
Biodiversità (itwiki)
Biodiversità (itwikiquote)
Biodiversità (itwikiversity)
生物多様性 (jawiki)
高等学校 生物基礎/生態系と生物の多様性Ⅱ (jawikibooks)
Tuggtudert (kabwiki)
ბიომრავალფეროვნება (kawiki)
Биологиялық әралуандылық (kkwiki)
ಜೀವವೈವಿಧ್ಯ (knwiki)
생물 다양성 (kowiki)
Zorbûna jiyanî (kuwiki)
Diversitas biologica (lawiki)
Obulamu obw'Enjawulo (Biodiversity) (lgwiki)
Biodiversiteit (liwiki)
Biologinė įvairovė (ltwiki)
Bioloģiskā daudzveidība (lvwiki)
Биоразновидност (mkwiki)
ജൈവവൈവിധ്യം (mlwiki)
Биологийн олон янз байдал (mnwiki)
ဂကူဗဳဇဇဳဝ (mnwwiki)
जैवविविधता (mrwiki)
Biokepelbagaian (mswiki)
Bijodiversità (mtwiki)
ဇီဝမျိုးစုံမျိုးကွဲ (mywiki)
जैविक विविधता (newiki)
Biodiversiteit (nlwiki)
Biologisk mangfald (nnwiki)
Biologisk mangfold (nowiki)
Biodiversitat (ocwiki)
Lubdaneessummaa (omwiki)
ਜੀਵ ਵੰਨ-ਸੁਵੰਨਤਾ (pawiki)
Różnorodność biologiczna (plwiki)
حیاتی تنوع (pnbwiki)
دژوندبڼو ډولونه (pswiki)
Biodiversidade (ptwiki)
Biodiversitad (rmwiki)
Biodiversitate (rowiki)
Биоразнообразие (ruwiki)
Категория:Биоразнообразие (ruwikinews)
Bioraznolikost (shwiki)
Biodiversity (simplewiki)
ජෛව විවිධත්වය (siwiki)
Biodiverzita (skwiki)
Biotska raznovrstnost (slwiki)
Bioshumëllojshmëria (sqwiki)
Biološka raznovrsnost (srwiki)
Biologisk mångfald (svwiki)
Biologisk mångfald (svwikinews)
Bioanuwai (swwiki)
உயிரியற் பல்வகைமை (tawiki)
జీవవైవిధ్యం (tewiki)
Гуногунии зистӣ (tgwiki)
ความหลากหลายทางชีวภาพ (thwiki)
Saribuhay (tlwiki)
Biodaivesiti (tpiwiki)
Biyoçeşitlilik (trwiki)
Biyoçeşitlilik (trwikiquote)
Биотөрлелек (ttwiki)
Біорізноманіття (ukwiki)
حیاتی تنوع (urwiki)
Đa dạng sinh học (viwiki)
Biyodibersidad (warwiki)
生物多样性 (wuuwiki)
生物多樣性 (zh_yuewiki)
生物多樣性 (zhwiki)

Q47041 Biodiversity Biodiversité

Biodiversity Biodiversity

FR



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