Biodiversité
Définition(s)
Définitions générales
| La biodiversité, néologisme composé à partir des mots bio (du grec βίος / bios, « vie ») et diversité, est la diversité naturelle des organismes vivants. Elle s'apprécie en considérant la diversité des écosystèmes, des espèces, et des gènes dans l'espace et dans le temps, ainsi que les interactions au sein de ces niveaux d'organisation et entre eux.Depuis le sommet de la Terre de Rio de Janeiro en 1992, la préservation de la biodiversité est considérée comme un des enjeux essentiels du développement durable. L'adoption de la Convention sur la diversité biologique (CDB) au cours de ce sommet engage les pays signataires à protéger et restaurer la diversité du vivant. Au-delà des raisons éthiques, la biodiversité est essentielle aux sociétés humaines qui en sont entièrement dépendantes à travers les services écosystémiques.Depuis 2012, la Plate-forme intergouvernementale sur la biodiversité et les services écosystémiques (IPBES), un groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur le modèle du Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'évolution du climat (GIEC), a été lancé par le programme des Nations unies pour l'environnement pour conseiller les gouvernements sur cette thématique.2010 a été l'année internationale de la biodiversité, conclue par la conférence de Nagoya sur la biodiversité qui a reconnu l'échec de l'objectif international qui était de stopper la régression de la biodiversité avant 2010, et proposé de nouveaux objectifs (protocole de Nagoya). |
Termes associés (Wikipedia)
| Biodiversity is the biological variety and variability of life on Earth. Biodiversity is a measure of variation at the genetic, species, and ecosystem level. Terrestrial biodiversity is usually greater near the equator, which is the result of the warm climate and high primary productivity. Biodiversity is not distributed evenly on Earth, and is richer in the tropics. These tropical forest ecosystems cover less than ten percent of earth's surface, and contain about ninety percent of the world's species. Marine biodiversity is usually higher along coasts in the Western Pacific, where sea surface temperature is highest, and in the mid-latitudinal band in all oceans. There are latitudinal gradients in species diversity. Biodiversity generally tends to cluster in hotspots, and has been increasing through time, but will be likely to slow in the future as a primary result of deforestation. Rapid environmental changes typically cause mass extinctions. More than 99.9 percent of all species that ever lived on Earth, amounting to over five billion species, are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described. The total amount of related DNA base pairs on Earth is estimated at 5.0 x 1037 and weighs 50 billion tonnes. In comparison, the total mass of the biosphere has been estimated to be as much as four trillion tons of carbon). In July 2016, scientists reported identifying a set of 355 genes from the Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA) of all organisms living on Earth. The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia. Other early physical evidence of a biogenic substance is graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old meta-sedimentary rocks discovered in Western Greenland. More recently, in 2015, "remains of biotic life" were found in 4.1 billion-year-old rocks in Western Australia. According to one of the researchers, "If life arose relatively quickly on Earth .. then it could be common in the universe." Since life began on Earth, five major mass extinctions and several minor events have led to large and sudden drops in biodiversity. The Phanerozoic eon (the last 540 million years) marked a rapid growth in biodiversity via the Cambrian explosion—a period during which the majority of multicellular phyla first appeared. The next 400 million years included repeated, massive biodiversity losses classified as mass extinction events. In the Carboniferous, rainforest collapse led to a great loss of plant and animal life. The Permian–Triassic extinction event, 251 million years ago, was the worst; vertebrate recovery took 30 million years. The most recent, the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, occurred 65 million years ago and has often attracted more attention than others because it resulted in the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs. The period since the emergence of humans has displayed an ongoing biodiversity reduction and an accompanying loss of genetic diversity. Named the Holocene extinction, the reduction is caused primarily by human impacts, particularly habitat destruction. Conversely, biodiversity positively impacts human health in a number of ways, although a few negative effects are studied. The United Nations designated 2011–2020 as the United Nations Decade on Biodiversity. and 2021–2030 as the United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration, According to a 2019 Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services by IPBES 25% of plant and animal species are threatened with extinction as the result of human activity. An October 2020 IPBES report found the same human actions which drive biodiversity loss have also resulted in an increase in pandemics. In 2020, the fifth edition of the UN's Global Biodiversity Outlook report, which served as a “final report card” for the Aichi Biodiversity Targets, a series of 20 objectives set out in 2010, at the beginning of the UN's Decade on Biodiversity, most of which were supposed to be reached by the end of the year 2020, stated that none of the targets – which concern the safeguarding of ecosystems, and the promotion of sustainability – have been fully met. |
Categories (Wikipedia)
| Biodiversity |
| Ecology |
| Biogeography |
| Conservation biology |
| Species |
| Population genetics |
External references (Wikipedia)
Médias référencés
Objet de commun (14)
- A Community Charter (Falkirk, UK) (UK)
- Charte de végétalisation de l’espace public parisien (France)
- Charte des mangroves d'Afrique de l'Ouest (Afrique de l'Ouest)
- Cultures en transition (France, UK, Cuba,, 01:05:46)
- Isabella Lövin - Le pillage des mers : une autre tragédie des communs. (Suède, 09:30)
- La guerre des graines (France)
- Les biens communs, modèle de gestion des ressources naturelles (France)
- Les graines de la liberté (00:30:00)
- Menaces sur la foret francaise (France, 00:52:00)
- Remuer la terre, c’est remuer les consciences (France, 00:37:58)
- Sciences et démocratie : La leçon du Tapajos (Brésil, 00:19:40)
- Seeds of Freedom (00:30:00)
- Seeing the Forest (USA, 00:31:14)
- Theory and Practice in the Management of Natural Commons (00:30:14)
Enjeu (5)
- Charte des Garrigues (France)
- Greater London National Park City Proposal (England)
- Pat Mooney: Rio +20, les principaux champs de bataille en émergence. (Canada, 00:07:36)
- Permis de végétaliser (Paris) (France)
- Permis de végétaliser Paris 2015 (autorisation d'occupation temporaire du domaine public) (France)
Sources
Wikidata : Q47041
DBpedia FR : Biodiversité
DBpedia EN : Biodiversity
P2P Foundation : Biodiversity
Digital Library of the Commons : Biodiversity
Autres langues (Wikipedia)
Biodiversiteit (afwiki)
Biodiversidat (anwiki)
تنوع حيوي (arwiki)
Biodiversidá (astwiki)
জৈৱ বৈচিত্ৰ্য (aswiki)
Bioloji müxtəliflik (azwiki)
Біялагічная разнастайнасць (bewiki)
Биоразнообразие (bgwiki)
जैवविविधता (bhwiki)
জীববৈচিত্র্য (bnwiki)
Biološka raznolikost (bswiki)
Biodiversitat (cawiki)
Biologická diverzita (cswiki)
Bioamrywiaeth (cywiki)
Biodiversitet (dawiki)
Biodiversität (dewiki)
जैविक विविधता (dtywiki)
Βιοποικιλότητα (elwiki)
Biodiversity (enwiki)
Biodiversity (enwikiquote)
Biodiverseco (eowiki)
Biodiversidad (eswiki)
Elurikkus (etwiki)
Elurikkus (etwikiquote)
Biodibertsitate (euwiki)
تنوع زیستی (fawiki)
Biodiversiteetti (fiwiki)
Biodiversité (frwiki)
Bithéagsúlacht (gawiki)
Biodiversidade (glwiki)
Tekove'etaita (gnwiki)
מגוון ביולוגי (hewiki)
जैव विविधता (hiwiki)
Bioraznolikost (hrwiki)
Biyodivèsite (htwiki)
Biodiverzitás (huwiki)
Կենսաբազմազանություն (hywiki)
Biodiversitate (iawiki)
Keanekaragaman hayati (idwiki)
Biodiverseso (iowiki)
Líffræðilegur fjölbreytileiki (iswiki)
Biodiversità (itwiki)
Biodiversità (itwikiquote)
Biodiversità (itwikiversity)
生物多様性 (jawiki)
Tuggtudert (kabwiki)
ბიომრავალფეროვნება (kawiki)
Биологиялық әралуандылық (kkwiki)
ಜೀವವೈವಿಧ್ಯ (knwiki)
생물 다양성 (kowiki)
Zorbûna jiyanî (kuwiki)
Diversitas biologica (lawiki)
Obulamu obw'Enjawulo (Biodiversity) (lgwiki)
Biodiversiteit (liwiki)
Biologinė įvairovė (ltwiki)
Bioloģiskā daudzveidība (lvwiki)
Биоразновидност (mkwiki)
ജൈവവൈവിധ്യം (mlwiki)
जैवविविधता (mrwiki)
Biokepelbagaian (mswiki)
Bijodiversità (mtwiki)
जैविक विविधता (newiki)
Biodiversiteit (nlwiki)
Biologisk mangfald (nnwiki)
Biologisk mangfold (nowiki)
Biodiversitat (ocwiki)
ਜੀਵ ਵੰਨ-ਸੁਵੰਨਤਾ (pawiki)
Różnorodność biologiczna (plwiki)
حیاتی تنوع (pnbwiki)
دژوندبڼو ډولونه (pswiki)
Biodiversidade (ptwiki)
Biodiversitad (rmwiki)
Biodiversitate (rowiki)
Биоразнообразие (ruwiki)
Категория:Биоразнообразие (ruwikinews)
Bioraznolikost (shwiki)
Biodiversity (simplewiki)
ජෛවවිවිධත්වය (siwiki)
Biodiverzita (skwiki)
Biotska raznovrstnost (slwiki)
Bioshumëllojshmëria (sqwiki)
Biološka raznovrsnost (srwiki)
Biologisk mångfald (svwiki)
Biologisk mångfald (svwikinews)
உயிரியற் பல்வகைமை (tawiki)
ความหลากหลายทางชีวภาพ (thwiki)
Biodaivesiti (tpiwiki)
Biyoçeşitlilik (trwiki)
Биотөрлелек (ttwiki)
Біорізноманіття (ukwiki)
حیاتی تنوع (urwiki)
Đa dạng sinh học (viwiki)
Biyodibersidad (warwiki)
生物多样性 (wuuwiki)
生物多樣性 (zh_yuewiki)
生物多樣性 (zhwiki)
